The AutofillTest.* suite (chrome/browser/autofill/autofill_browsertest.cc) might have differences in filling behaviour compared to user-driven Chrome, and these might have led to missing a breaking change in the past.
We might need to mimic the behaviour to the real Chrome better in the test.
More details:
Back in April 2018, a Boolean flag "is_default" was accidentally included in the FormFieldData comparison. As explained in [1], when a form was cached with "is_default" true, that cache entry would not match the same form once filled-in (is_default false) upon submission. That, in turn, would cause Chrome to believe that this form actually does only have default values and so the address would not be saved.
The existing tests, such as AutofillTest.AggregatesMinValidProfile, seem to test such situations, yet they did not catch the regression. The hypothesis that currently, the re-parsing is not triggered in the test by the time the form is submitted.
[1] https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/1030070#message-118a66baa63bd59bdd9f10157d39b09598ffc829