chrome://sync-internals has this for "Passwords" model type:

Error: MergeDataAndStartSyncing@../../components/password_manager/core/browser/password_syncable_service.cc:149, datatype error was encountered: Failed to get passwords from store.

Assigning to Vasilii for triaging.

Assuming you are syncing the passwords, you can do the steps from https://crbug.com/848770#c7. Did it help?
It's a temporary action until Tonko implements the fix.

Re #3 - removing profile didn't help.

I no longer see error in sync-internals, but still "Manage Passwords" :: "Saved Passwords" is empty.

What's more, I noticed that Chrome wants me to re-signin in all accounts (personal / work) every time I restart it, see the screenshot.

Once I signin again, I can see from sync-internals > Types that "Autofill" has 2504 "Total Entries", with all other values being 0. But yet "Saved Passwords" is empty.

What's going on with your Keychain?
Can you open the 'Keychain access" app, find "Chrome Safe entry" there and make sure that you can access it. Do you get any error? What are the access control settings for that entry?

The NextAction date has arrived: 2018-08-30

I observe exactly the same problems on Chrome for Linux:  Chrome stopped offering me saved passwords. So I went to "Manage passwords", and "Saved Passwords" section is empty. However, I can see all my passwords if I go to https://passwords.google.com.

Version 69.0.3497.81 (Official Build) (64-bit).  

I have removed the profile and readded it, same problems.

Should I open a separate bug for this since it's a Linux OS?  

Yes, please.

dskiba@, does it work for you?

So the Chrome entry in Keychain was fine, I could access it. Problem also persisted after I removed and recreated my profiles. But it went away after I rebooted (upon reboot macOS did some upgrading). After the rebook everything started working normally.