Unable to reproduce the issue in MAC 10.11.16, Windows-10 and Ubuntu 14.04 by using chrome reported version #53.0.2785.143 and latest canary #56.0.2914.0.

Steps followed to reproduce the issue are as follows:
-----------
1. Signed into chrome browser.
2. Opened settings
3. Opened Advance settings 
4. In Passwords, opened manage passwords
5. Observed that saved user id and passwords are present as expected.

Attaching screen cast for reference.

raclaudel@ - Could you please check this issue in latest canary #56.0.2914.0 and please let us know your observations. 
Please make sure to sign into chrome with your login credentials and ensure to enable the "Offer to save your web passwords" at manage passwords in chrome://settings.

Thanks...!!

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This issue looks similar to Issue 664588. Are you still able to see your passwords at passwords.google.com? If so, you might be able to get them back with this workaround (pasted from the other bug):

"""
Password sync is broken, because the local database fails to supply passwords. The local database is encrypted with a random passphrase stored in your Keychain. If Keychain is reset for some reason, Chrome can no longer decrypt the local database. If that is the case, I suggest:
 (1) find the profile path at chrome://version
 (2) quit Chrome
 (3) move the "Login Data" file away from the profile path
 (4) start Chrome, give it some time to sync a fresh copy of your passwords
 (5) if all looks good, delete the old "Login Data" which you moved away in step (2)

This should make your password manager working again, with the passwords you stored before the breakage.
"""

On second look, it seems like the version of Chrome you are using is a bit outdated - try updating and see if it works? The latest stable is 55.0.2883.95.

No feedback from original reporter in over 30 days - please reopen if suggestions in c#2 don't help.