Since there are no steps given, I must ask some basic questions:
1) What user were you signed in to the device as?  Corp go/ links will only work if you are signed in as an @google.com user.
2) What network were you connected to? AFAIK, you should be connected to Google-A or Google Guest for go links to work.
3) Go to chrome://policies page, and check URLBlacklist policy to see if your Admin is blocking any URLs. Also check value of other *Block* policies, to see if your Admin is restricting access.
4) Try setting the BeyondCorp "Off" (system), then back "On" again. Some Googler's report that various connectivity/networking issues can be worked around by clicking on the BeyondCorp extension (in the Omnibar), and changing the connection setting "Off", wait a few seconds, then turn it back "On". 

This is not likely an Enterprise issue (i.e., caused by a remote management policy setting), but I'll leave the Enterprise component on for now.

#1)

I was signed into the device with "michaelsafyan@google.com"

#2)

I was connected using my personal Chromebook to a Wi-Fi router provided by Verizon FiOS. The Chromebook had been enrolled using (go/personal-chromebook). In the past, "go/" links did -- in fact -- resolve correctly while logged-in to that account / profile, even when not connected to a Google Wi-Fi access point.

#3-#4)

I will need to check this again later when I am at home and have the device available for testing once again.

Could you provide a net-internals dump? Instructions here: https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/dev/for-testers/providing-network-details. Note that the net-internals dump might contain sensitive information, so you might want to upload it to drive with appropriate permission settings.

@michaelsaf...: Ping?

I think I've actually resolved the mystery, actually... that change that grays out all the extensions ... I think that somehow disabled the BeyondCorp extension. Clicking the popup in BeyondCorp and switching from On to Off and then back to On again resolved the issue. It's a little strange that extensions installed by the domain administrator are affected by that change.

(So, in short, suggestion #4 worked).

Do you still need a net-internals dump?

If you're happy, I'm happy :-}.  Thanks!